Surveillance / Survival
Surv***l*nc* / Surv***l
As sex workers face algorithmic policing, digital gentrification, and censorship, new platforms and tactics introduce new avenues for political organizing.
7.
Policing Cyberspace
As the internet gains popularity and becomes profitable, we see increasing calls to “clean up” platforms where sex work is visible. (especially along gendered and racialized lines). Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Sex work as a target
1995 TIME cyberporn story, moral panic. In 1996, the Communications Decency Act passes, which prohibits people from sharing “obscene or indecent” material online. Issues with censorship, industry self regulation. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
“Sex work has become the prototype for policing cyberspace.”
“The Cybernetic Sex Worker”, Decoding Stigma Substack, 2021
***
1995
TIME Magazine, Cyberporn cover story
“EXCLUSIVE: A new study shows how pervasive and wild it really is. Can we protect our kids—and free speech?” Source
“All that was once negotiated on the street is now also conducted on public Web sites, and under more watchful (and curious) and tracking eyes than ever.”
Playing the Whore: The Work of Sex Work, 2014
***
1996
CyberAngels – Welcome!
“CyberAngels is an all-volunteer Internet safety organization founed [sic] in June of 1995 by senior members of the world famous crime prevention and community safety organization, The International Alliance of Guardian Angels.” Source
“If you went on Craigslist to look for a sex work ad, you would find it next to apartment ads or other job ads, and I think that was another reason they were such a target. It made sex work adjacent to anything else people might be doing online.”
1999
Warning This is an Adults only Website!
Vanessa Del Rio’s homepage links self regulation to internet free speech: “If you are a parent of under age children I strongly suggest you be a responsible parent and use one of the programs below to keep your under age children from accessing material that is intended for mature adults only! Therefore protecting are freedom as adults to view whatever sexual material we choose!!…THANK YOU!” Source
“Selling sex-oriented services, photos, and goods are one of the few businesses that are profitable on the Internet… Fortunately, many of the industry sites have chosen to rate themselves ‘Adult’ with the SafeSurf Rating System™, or many other of the ‘Adult Check’ types of programs, and are included in our ‘SafeSurf Rated Adult’ database.”
“An Overview of Current Concerns Regarding Internet Content,” 1996
***
1996
CLASSIFY YOUR SITE with the SafeSurf Rating System
“After we review your site, we will provide you with a certification agreement and a special logo to display on your page.”
“SurfWatch is a real alternative to Internet censorship, giving parents and educators the opportunity to limit unwanted material locally without restricting the access rights of other Internet users.”
“It used to be on the bathroom walls in pencil. Now it’s on your students’ workstations in 256 colors.”
“BESS Delivers Exhaustive Internet Filtering And Blocking Support,” 1997
***“President Clinton will make some exciting announcements on how we can give parents not just a tool, but a virtual tool box, to help them screen out inappropriate material and steer them to the positive wonders of the Internet. But before he does, let me say a word about the promising new technologies that are already available to help parents stop the dirt at the digital door.”
Statement, July 16, 1997
***
Digital gentrification
Today, regressive policies and big tech work together to target and exclude sex workers from the platforms and spaces they helped build, as carceral technologies trained on their data are increasingly used to surveil, censor, and discipline all internet users.
Who is a desexualized and sanitized internet meant to serve?
“Every time we pioneer a certain space, we’re then pushed off of it.”
“Design & Technology Decoding Stigma x Cloud Salon – Veil Machine,” 2021
***“Digital sanitation is sold as making the internet safer. But, as with any gentrification, the question is, safer for whom, and at the expense of what pre-existing communities?”
“Decoding Stigma: Designing for Sex Worker Liberatory Futures,” The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, 2021
***
1999
Censored by censorware graphic, peacefire.org
From the earliest days of filtering software, information about sexual health and LGBTQI+ rights has been suppressed. Here, a t-shirt graphic compiles a list of censored sites, including National Organization for Women, TIME Magazine, and Human Rights Campaign. Source
1998
Access Denied: An Impact of Internet Filtering Software on the Gay & Lesbian Community
A graphic promoting research conducted by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Source
“Where the Internet has opened up opportunities for [sex workers] to take control of their work by increasing their direct access to customers, it has also given law enforcement, politicians, and assorted anti–sex work types a highly visible and vulnerable place to attack. They claim they’re ‘protecting’ sex workers when they demand that publishers refuse their ads. But for the workers themselves, losing ad venues means losing control over how they negotiate at work.”
Playing the Whore: The Work of Sex Work, 2014
***
2009
Striking a New Balance – craigslist blog
“Unsurprisingly, but completely contrary to some of the sensationalistic journalism we’ve seen these past few weeks, the record is clear that use of craigslist classifieds is associated with far lower rates of violent crime than print classifieds, let alone rates of violent crime pertaining to American society as a whole.” Source
“As of today for all US craigslist sites, postings to the ‘erotic services’ category will no longer be accepted, and in 7 days the category will be removed.”
“Striking a New Balance,” craigslist blog, May 13, 2009
***“The beauty of [Craigslist’s] Adult Services, compared to other listing sites such as Backpage or CityVibe, was that a provider was in total control over how much information she wanted to share. The anonymous email feature and automatic expiration specific to CL ads meant that posters could communicate with prospective clients without giving away information that would make them vulnerable to stalking — or allow their temporary choice to haunt them on the Internet for eternity.”
“A Sex Worker On Life After Craigslist,” Jezebel, September 23, 2010
***“Black people of any marginalized gender are automatically seen as sex workers. Therefore, how Black people are treated affects how sex workers are treated, and how sex workers are treated affects how Black people are seen and treated.”
“Decoding Stigma: Designing for Sex Worker Liberatory Futures,” The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, 2021
***“The story of sex work in the United States is partly one of a constantly migrating community. Newspapers banned their ads, so they moved online. Craigslist abandoned them, so they moved to Redbook or Rentboy. Those went under, and they moved to Backpage. Backpage was seized, so they migrated to Tumblr. Tumblr banned NSFW content, so they moved to Twitter, OnlyFans, and anywhere left that will allow them to be seen, heard, and survive.”
How sex changed the internet and the internet changed sex: an unexpected history, 2022
***FOSTA-SESTA and its aftermaths
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
“A few days after Backpage was shut down by federal authorities, Public Law 115-164, better known as FOSTA-SESTA, became US law in 2017. The stated goal of this law was to reduce human trafficking by amending section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. What the law has actually done is put increased pressure on Internet platforms to censor their users. ”
“Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage,” Hacking//Hustling, 2020
***“It’s supposed to be a bill that helps end sex trafficking. What it really does is harm sex workers, and victims of sex trafficking…This law makes it much harder to even find [traffickers] as it’s pushed them underground to the dark web.”
Quoted in “Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage,” Danielle Blunt and Ariel Wolf, Hacking//Hustling, 2020
***“The hammer started coming down even sooner than we expected, before the ink on the bill had even dried. Sites began to self-police and interpret the legislation in a broad manner. In the days after, in the week after, we watched numbly as the Craigslist personals, Reddit’s sex work-related subreddits, Cityvibe, The Erotic Review’s U.S. boards and eventually all U.S. access to the site, Nightshift, Men4Rent.com, Eccie, and too many others to name—all of these avenues were lost to us.”
“On Backpage,” Tits and Sass, April 25, 2018
***“At this point in the SESTApocalypse, as I finally emerge from the paralyzing fog of wtf-wtf-wtf around the death of our business model, we’re all sick of thinking and talking about it. We’re sick of wondering how the hell we’re going to manage, sick of watching high-end workers become paranoiac internet security experts, sick of low-end workers being driven back to the streets.”
“On Backpage,” Tits and Sass, April 25, 2018
***“These kinds of platforms were really essential. Losing these tools caused more harm to our community, because we couldn’t keep each other safe as easily.”
“Sex Workers Built the Internet Roundtable Discussion,” April 22, 2022
***“with apologies to craig i needed an easy to remember url for this document
but also thanks craig your list helped a lot of people make ends meet while it was available for sex workers
it saved lives”
Homepage, ββ liaraslist, August 1, 2018
***“We’ve found over 150 companies, institutions, and discrete products (like Skype or Youtube) that in some way discriminate or ban sex work or adult products OR have been shut down completely following increased anti-sex work legislation.”
ββ liaraslist, August 1, 2018
***“If you’re not a sex worker, and you’ve landed here, imagine trying to run your business, or just live your daily life, without access to all these commonly used things. Keep in mind that when sex workers are pushed off these platforms, they’re often pushed off altogether and permanently under any name even if they are not actually using that platform for sex work.”
ββ liaraslist, August 1, 2018
***
2020
Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage
In 2020, two years after Backpage was shut down and FOSTA-SESTA passed, Hacking//Hustling released a community report of qualitative and quantitative data showing these events’ harmful effects on sex working communities, both online and off. Source
“‘Erased’ was entirely funded by client donations and my human footstool, a sex work client who was paying me and my co-researcher to ignore him while we were writing it. It just shows the ingenuity and strength – and necessity – of community-produced research, and how quickly we can mobilize and produce with the limited resources we have.”
Quoted by Zahra Stardust in “Automating whorephobia: sex, technology and the violence of deplatforming: An interview with Hacking//Hustling,” Porn Studies, 2021
***“Sex workers are disappearing from the Internet. Workers’ sites have been taken down, ad sites are hard to comply with and are always changing their rules, Twitter and Instagram are deleting accounts just for being a sex worker.”
Quoted in “Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage,” Danielle Blunt and Ariel Wolf, Hacking//Hustling, 2020
***“Whole entire sites have disappeared! Or been changed, or deleted! Forums for sex workers providing safety info, info for screening clients, escort ad sites, etc.”
Quoted in “Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage,” Danielle Blunt and Ariel Wolf, Hacking//Hustling, 2020
***“Dearest friends, lovers, clients, and voyeurs, One year ago today, in the middle of an apocalyptic summer of pandemic and unrest, you attended E-viction, a virtual art show by Veil Machine… You participated in an immersive, online arthouse wh0re gallery that emerged in a flash and disappeared at midnight after a spectacular self-destruction.”
“One Year After E-Viction,” August 21, 2021
***“E-Viction is our attempt to apply the kind of innovation that sex workers exhibit online in order to create a new form of digital protest.”
quoted by Brit Lawson, “Sex workers protest censorship with this self-destructing digital art show,” Dazed, August 19, 2020
***“This is not an ending. This is just the beginning. If there is a way out, sex working artists will be the ones to carve it. We are building, we are imagining. We are seducing, we are destroying.”
“One Year After E-Viction,” August 21, 2021
***Sources
Sex Work as a Target, grid (left to right, top to bottom):
- https://web.archive.org/web/19970606215153/http:/www.rsac.org/
- https://web.archive.org/web/19990117101134/http:/www.ifriends.net/
- https://web.archive.org/web/19970525124124/http:/www.surfwatch.com/
- https://web.archive.org/web/19990508102614/http:/beautysworld.com/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20010604011459/http:/www1.surfwatch.com/home.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/19971014174140/http:/pics.netshepherd.com/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20010604011459/http:/www1.surfwatch.com/home.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20010604011459/http:/www1.surfwatch.com/home.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/19961220031825/http:/cyberangels.org/
- https://web.archive.org/web/19961111191033/http:/n2h2.com/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20040802032534/http:/cyberangels.org/
- https://web.archive.org/web/19970101085508/http:/www.animeam.com/
- https://web.archive.org/web/19980513041509/http:/family.netshepherd.com/
- https://web.archive.org/web/19970613224229/http:/eronet.com:80/
- https://web.archive.org/web/19980212060500/http:/turnercom.com/