Surveillance / Survival

Surv***l*nc* / Surv***l

As sex workers face algorithmic policing, digital gentrification, and censorship, new platforms and tactics introduce new avenues for political organizing.

7.
Policing Cyberspace

As the internet gains popularity and becomes profitable, we see increasing calls to “clean up” platforms where sex work is visible. (especially along gendered and racialized lines). Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Sex work as a target

1995 TIME cyberporn story, moral panic. In 1996, the Communications Decency Act passes, which prohibits people from sharing “obscene or indecent” material online. Issues with censorship, industry self regulation. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

“Sex work has become the prototype for policing cyberspace.”

*** Gabriella Garcia ,

The Cybernetic Sex Worker”, Decoding Stigma Substack, 2021

***
On a vintage Time Magazine cover, a dramatically lit photo illustration depicts a young boy staring wide-eyed, mouth hanging open, in front of a computer keyboard, with the large headline "Cyberporn"

1995

TIME Magazine, Cyberporn cover story

“EXCLUSIVE: A new study shows how pervasive and wild it really is. Can we protect our kids—and free speech?” Source

“All that was once negotiated on the street is now also conducted on public Web sites, and under more watchful (and curious) and tracking eyes than ever.”

*** Melissa Gira Grant,

Playing the Whore: The Work of Sex Work, 2014

***
In the Cyber Angels' logo, 3D-modeled Batman-like wings encircle a globe

1996

CyberAngels – Welcome!

“CyberAngels is an all-volunteer Internet safety organization founed [sic] in June of 1995 by senior members of the world famous crime prevention and community safety organization, The International Alliance of Guardian Angels.” Source

“If you went on Craigslist to look for a sex work ad, you would find it next to apartment ads or other job ads, and I think that was another reason they were such a target. It made sex work adjacent to anything else people might be doing online.”

*** Melissa Gira Grant,

Sexual Gentrification: An Internet Sex Workers Built, 2021

***
Over a starry night sky background, bright text provides links to "Enter" and "Exit"

1999

Warning This is an Adults only Website!

Vanessa Del Rio’s homepage links self regulation to internet free speech: “If you are a parent of under age children I strongly suggest you be a responsible parent and use one of the programs below to keep your under age children from accessing material that is intended for mature adults only! Therefore protecting are freedom as adults to view whatever sexual material we choose!!…THANK YOU!” Source

“Selling sex-oriented services, photos, and goods are one of the few businesses that are profitable on the Internet… Fortunately, many of the industry sites have chosen to rate themselves ‘Adult’ with the SafeSurf Rating System™, or many other of the ‘Adult Check’ types of programs, and are included in our ‘SafeSurf Rated Adult’ database.”

*** SafeSurf Internet Filtering,

An Overview of Current Concerns Regarding Internet Content,” 1996

***
A screenshot of a simple text-based website shows a series of dropdown menus for categories including profanity, heterosexual themes, homosexual themes, nudity, violence, and more

1996

CLASSIFY YOUR SITE with the SafeSurf Rating System

“After we review your site, we will provide you with a certification agreement and a special logo to display on your page.”

“SurfWatch is a real alternative to Internet censorship, giving parents and educators the opportunity to limit unwanted material locally without restricting the access rights of other Internet users.”

*** surfwatch.com,

SurfWatch, Freedom of Expression and the CDA, 1997

***
The CYBERsitter logo, in bright childlike colors and hand-scrawled lettering, sits above links to download, purchase online, and submit a site

1999

CYBERsitter Home Page

“For a Family Friendly Internet” Source

“It used to be on the bathroom walls in pencil. Now it’s on your students’ workstations in 256 colors.”

*** N2H2 Internet Filters for Schools,

BESS Delivers Exhaustive Internet Filtering And Blocking Support,” 1997

***
On the SafeSurf homepage, a large illustration of a lock, emblazoned with an "SS" logo, surfs atop a wave

1999

SafeSurf – Making the Net Safe

“The Original Internet Rating System” Source

“President Clinton will make some exciting announcements on how we can give parents not just a tool, but a virtual tool box, to help them screen out inappropriate material and steer them to the positive wonders of the Internet. But before he does, let me say a word about the promising new technologies that are already available to help parents stop the dirt at the digital door.”

*** Vice President Al Gore,

Statement, July 16, 1997

***
We rated with RSAC
No Kids
The Number One Internet Filter
Parental warning contains material that may be unsuitable for viewing by minors
Surf Watch
Net Shepherd
Cyber Patrol
Surf Control
SafeSurf Rated all ages
Bess internet retriever for kids, families and schools
CyberAngels
Net Nanny
Family Search home
X No-one under 18 admitted
The Internet Filter

Digital gentrification

Today, regressive policies and big tech work together to target and exclude sex workers from the platforms and spaces they helped build, as carceral technologies trained on their data are increasingly used to surveil, censor, and discipline all internet users.
Who is a desexualized and sanitized internet meant to serve?

“Every time we pioneer a certain space, we’re then pushed off of it.”

*** Cléo Ouyang ,

Design & Technology Decoding Stigma x Cloud Salon – Veil Machine,” 2021

***
Over a black background, a large headline asks "Feeling Suppressed? Somehow... Not so fresh and squeaky clean? Join the crowd!"

1997

Has your site been banned?

“You may be banned and NOT know it!” Source

“Digital sanitation is sold as making the internet safer. But, as with any gentrification, the question is, safer for whom, and at the expense of what pre-existing communities?”

*** Gabriella Garcia ,

Decoding Stigma: Designing for Sex Worker Liberatory Futures,” The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, 2021

***
A list of organizations and websites is surrounded by a thick black border emblazoned with names of filtering software

1999

Censored by censorware graphic, peacefire.org

From the earliest days of filtering software, information about sexual health and LGBTQI+ rights has been suppressed. Here, a t-shirt graphic compiles a list of censored sites, including National Organization for Women, TIME Magazine, and Human Rights Campaign. Source

A text-based graphic with alternating bars reads "access denied"

1998

Access Denied: An Impact of Internet Filtering Software on the Gay & Lesbian Community

A graphic promoting research conducted by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Source

“Where the Internet has opened up opportunities for [sex workers] to take control of their work by increasing their direct access to customers, it has also given law enforcement, politicians, and assorted anti–sex work types a highly visible and vulnerable place to attack. They claim they’re ‘protecting’ sex workers when they demand that publishers refuse their ads. But for the workers themselves, losing ad venues means losing control over how they negotiate at work.”

*** Melissa Gira Grant,

Playing the Whore: The Work of Sex Work, 2014

***
Under a large banner titled "craigslist blog," a post begins "As of today for all US craigslist sites, postings to the "erotic services" category will no longer be accepted, and in 7 days the category will be removed.

2009

Striking a New Balance – craigslist blog

“Unsurprisingly, but completely contrary to some of the sensationalistic journalism we’ve seen these past few weeks, the record is clear that use of craigslist classifieds is associated with far lower rates of violent crime than print classifieds, let alone rates of violent crime pertaining to American society as a whole.” Source

“As of today for all US craigslist sites, postings to the ‘erotic services’ category will no longer be accepted, and in 7 days the category will be removed.”

*** Jim Buckmaster,

Striking a New Balance,” craigslist blog, May 13, 2009

***

“The beauty of [Craigslist’s] Adult Services, compared to other listing sites such as Backpage or CityVibe, was that a provider was in total control over how much information she wanted to share. The anonymous email feature and automatic expiration specific to CL ads meant that posters could communicate with prospective clients without giving away information that would make them vulnerable to stalking — or allow their temporary choice to haunt them on the Internet for eternity.”

*** Trixie the Anonymous Domme,

A Sex Worker On Life After Craigslist,” Jezebel, September 23, 2010

***

“Black people of any marginalized gender are automatically seen as sex workers. Therefore, how Black people are treated affects how sex workers are treated, and how sex workers are treated affects how Black people are seen and treated.”

*** Chibundo Egwuatu ,

Decoding Stigma: Designing for Sex Worker Liberatory Futures,” The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, 2021

***
Official seals for the Department of Justice and the Internal Revenue Service precede a seizure notice

July 2013

MyRedBook.com FBI seizure

Source

“The story of sex work in the United States is partly one of a constantly migrating community. Newspapers banned their ads, so they moved online. Craigslist abandoned them, so they moved to Redbook or Rentboy. Those went under, and they moved to Backpage. Backpage was seized, so they migrated to Tumblr. Tumblr banned NSFW content, so they moved to Twitter, OnlyFans, and anywhere left that will allow them to be seen, heard, and survive.”

*** Samantha Cole,

How sex changed the internet and the internet changed sex: an unexpected history, 2022

***

FOSTA-SESTA and its aftermaths

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

“A few days after Backpage was shut down by federal authorities, Public Law 115-164, better known as FOSTA-SESTA, became US law in 2017. The stated goal of this law was to reduce human trafficking by amending section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. What the law has actually done is put increased pressure on Internet platforms to censor their users. ”

*** Danielle Blunt and Ariel Wolf,

Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage,” Hacking//Hustling, 2020

***
A screenshot of a Tweet by Vixen Collective displays a photo of a protest sign saying "No bad whores just bad laws"

June 2, 2017

Happy International Whores Day 2017!

Source

“It’s supposed to be a bill that helps end sex trafficking. What it really does is harm sex workers, and victims of sex trafficking…This law makes it much harder to even find [traffickers] as it’s pushed them underground to the dark web.”

*** Survey respondent,

Quoted in “Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage,” Danielle Blunt and Ariel Wolf, Hacking//Hustling, 2020

***
A beautifully manicured hand flips off a laptop screen showing the seized Backpage homepage

2018

“Fucking morons.”

Photo from Caty Simon, “On Backpage,” Tits and Sass. Source

“The hammer started coming down even sooner than we expected, before the ink on the bill had even dried. Sites began to self-police and interpret the legislation in a broad manner. In the days after, in the week after, we watched numbly as the Craigslist personals, Reddit’s sex work-related subreddits, Cityvibe, The Erotic Review’s U.S. boards and eventually all U.S. access to the site, Nightshift, Men4Rent.com, Eccie, and too many others to name—all of these avenues were lost to us.”

*** Caty Simon,

On Backpage,” Tits and Sass, April 25, 2018

***

“At this point in the SESTApocalypse, as I finally emerge from the paralyzing fog of wtf-wtf-wtf around the death of our business model, we’re all sick of thinking and talking about it. We’re sick of wondering how the hell we’re going to manage, sick of watching high-end workers become paranoiac internet security experts, sick of low-end workers being driven back to the streets.”

*** Caty Simon,

On Backpage,” Tits and Sass, April 25, 2018

***

“These kinds of platforms were really essential. Losing these tools caused more harm to our community, because we couldn’t keep each other safe as easily.”

*** Sinnamon Love,

Sex Workers Built the Internet Roundtable Discussion,” April 22, 2022

***
Screenshot of a website with the same layout and design as Craigslist, with the title "Incomplete List of Legal Discrimination Against Sex Workers"

June 25, 2019

Liara’s List

Source

“with apologies to craig i needed an easy to remember url for this document
but also thanks craig your list helped a lot of people make ends meet while it was available for sex workers
it saved lives”

*** Ashley Lake and Liara Roux,

Homepage, ββ liaraslist, August 1, 2018

***

“We’ve found over 150 companies, institutions, and discrete products (like Skype or Youtube) that in some way discriminate or ban sex work or adult products OR have been shut down completely following increased anti-sex work legislation.”

*** Ashley Lake and Liara Roux,

ββ liaraslist, August 1, 2018

***

“If you’re not a sex worker, and you’ve landed here, imagine trying to run your business, or just live your daily life, without access to all these commonly used things. Keep in mind that when sex workers are pushed off these platforms, they’re often pushed off altogether and permanently under any name even if they are not actually using that platform for sex work.”

*** Ashley Lake and Liara Roux,

ββ liaraslist, August 1, 2018

***
Against a bright red background, a figure in booty shorts and a fanny pack holds a megaphone in one hand and a protest sign reading "sex work is work" in the other

2020

Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage

In 2020, two years after Backpage was shut down and FOSTA-SESTA passed, Hacking//Hustling released a community report of qualitative and quantitative data showing these events’ harmful effects on sex working communities, both online and off. Source

“‘Erased’ was entirely funded by client donations and my human footstool, a sex work client who was paying me and my co-researcher to ignore him while we were writing it. It just shows the ingenuity and strength – and necessity – of community-produced research, and how quickly we can mobilize and produce with the limited resources we have.”

*** Mistress Danielle Blunt ,

Quoted by Zahra Stardust in “Automating whorephobia: sex, technology and the violence of deplatforming: An interview with Hacking//Hustling,” Porn Studies, 2021

***

“Sex workers are disappearing from the Internet. Workers’ sites have been taken down, ad sites are hard to comply with and are always changing their rules, Twitter and Instagram are deleting accounts just for being a sex worker.”

*** Survey respondent,

Quoted in “Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage,” Danielle Blunt and Ariel Wolf, Hacking//Hustling, 2020

***

“Whole entire sites have disappeared! Or been changed, or deleted! Forums for sex workers providing safety info, info for screening clients, escort ad sites, etc.”

*** Survey respondent,

Quoted in “Erased: The Impact of FOSTA-SESTA and the Removal of Backpage,” Danielle Blunt and Ariel Wolf, Hacking//Hustling, 2020

***
On a screenshot from the Zoom application, a masked figure sits beside a stripper pole, with an innuendo-laden chat window partially obscuring the video feed

2020

Screenshot from e-viction

Source

“Dearest friends, lovers, clients, and voyeurs, One year ago today, in the middle of an apocalyptic summer of pandemic and unrest, you attended E-viction, a virtual art show by Veil Machine… You participated in an immersive, online arthouse wh0re gallery that emerged in a flash and disappeared at midnight after a spectacular self-destruction.”

*** Veil Machine,

One Year After E-Viction,” August 21, 2021

***

“E-Viction is our attempt to apply the kind of innovation that sex workers exhibit online in order to create a new form of digital protest.”

*** Thea Luce, Veil Machine,

quoted by Brit Lawson, “Sex workers protest censorship with this self-destructing digital art show,” Dazed, August 19, 2020

***

“This is not an ending. This is just the beginning. If there is a way out, sex working artists will be the ones to carve it. We are building, we are imagining. We are seducing, we are destroying.”

*** Veil Machine,

One Year After E-Viction,” August 21, 2021

***